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Collaborative proposal: How do estuarine turbidity maxima entrap particles, retain zooplankton, and promote recruitment of fish? National Science Foundation, Division of Ocean Sciences. C.T. Friedrichs, VIMS Principal Investigator. (University of Maryland PIs: Ed Houde, Mike Roman, Larry Sanford, Shenn-Yu Chao, and Raleigh Hood.)
Summary of Objectives
The interdisciplinary study "BITMAX" (Bio-physical Interactions in the Turbidity Maximum) investigated fundamental physical and biological processes in the Estuarine Turbidity Maximum (ETM) of Chesapeake Bay. It was hypothesized that the ETM entraps sediment particles and planktonic organisms which in turn support enhanced zooplankton production and growth and survival of young anadromous fish. This research characterized constituents and evaluated processes operating in the Chesapeake ETM, including sediments and organisms that are of major ecological significance in the Bay. Circulation features, salinity structure, tidal displacements, sediment resuspension, bed characteristics and organism distributions were measured from research vessels and from moorings in the ETM during six major cruises. The research also included a diagnostic modeling framework to explore the physical and biological dynamics of the ETM of partially mixed estuaries. Models included numerical circulation, sediment transport, biological particle-trajectory, and individual-based population components. The models were used in parallel with the results of field investigations to examine which processes were most important to explain observed distributions of sediment, zooplankton and fish in the ETM. The University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES) and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) addressed the above issues in a coordinated team effort.
The VIMS field effort was concentrated somewhat more on the geological and physical components. In particular, the VIMS component focused most on: (i) the role of the lateral shoals in the dynamics of the ETM and (ii) the role of sea bed properties in determining the spatial distribution of the ETM. The VIMS component of this project was also closely allied to my NSF CAREER Award (OCE-9984941), entitled "Sediment Dynamics of a Microtidal Partially-Mixed Estuary". Thus most of the students funded by my CAREER Award also participated in the field work and analysis associated with the BITMAX project. Activities and findings from my allied CAREER Award can be found at its corresponding website.
Main BITMAX website
VIMS NSF Final Report (2 MB pdf)
VIMS Cruise Summary Documents
All raw data collected as part of this project is publicly available upon request.
BITMAX Publications with VIMS Authors (downloads via CHSD publications page)
Buckner, E., 2001. A comparison of the sediment flux in the channel and shoals of the estuarine turbidity maximum region of the Chesapeake Bay. VIMS 2001 Governor's School Final Report, 24 p.
Ellis, L.E., 2001. The relationship of seabed conditions and suspended sediment in the water column in the Chesapeake Bay ETM Region. VIMS 2001 Summer Intern Program Final Report, 9 p.
Ellis, L.E., 2002. Seabed conditions in the Chesapeake Bay estuarine turbidity maximum region. Senior Honors Thesis, Department of Geology, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 75 p.
Friedrichs, C.T., L.H. Brasseur, M.E. Scully, and S.E. Suttles, 2003. Use of backscatter from acoustic Doppler current profiler to infer eddy diffusivity of sediment and bottom stress. In: Coastal Sediments 2003 (R.A. Davis and P. Howd, eds.), American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 14 p.
Fugate, D.C., 2002. Estuarine suspended aggregate dynamics and characteristics. PhD Dissertation, School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 163 p.
Fugate, D.C., and C.T. Friedrichs, 2003. Controls on suspended aggregate size in partially mixed estuaries. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 58: 389-404.
Fugate, D.C., and C.T. Friedrichs, 2003. Versatility of the Sontek ADV: measurements of sediment fall velocity, sediment concentration and TKE production from wave contaminated velocity data. In: Coastal Sediments 2003 (R.A. Davis and P. Howd, eds.), American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 14 p.
Sanford, L.P., P.J. Dickhudt, L. Rubaiano-Gomez, M. Yates, S.E. Suttles, C.T. Friedrichs, D.C. Fugate and H. Romine, 2005. Variability of suspended particle concentrations, sizes and settling velocities in the Chesapeake Bay turbidity maximum. In: I.G. Droppo, G.G. Leppard, P. Liss, and T. Milligan (eds.) Flocculation in Natural and Engineered Environmental Systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 211-236.
BITMAX Presentations with VIMS Authors (abstracts via CHSD publications page)
Brasseur, L.H., J.M. Brubaker, C.T. Friedrichs, and M.E. Scully, 2002. A comparison of Reynolds stresses and turbulent kinetic energy measurements in the York River. Mid-Atlantic Bight Physical Oceanography and Meteorology Meeting, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 24-25 October.
Brasseur, L.H., C.T. Friedrichs, J.M. Brubaker, and L. Sanford, 2002. Turbulent characteristics of tidal flows in the vicinity of the Chesapeake Bay turbidity maximum. AGU 2002 Ocean Sciences Meeting, Honolulu, Hawaii, 11-15 February.
Brasseur, L.H., C.T. Friedrichs, and S.E. Suttles, 2003. Eddy diffusivity and bottom stress estimated from acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) backscatter measurements. 17th Biennial Conference of the Estuarine Research Federation, Seattle, WA, 14-18 September.
Buckner, E., 2001. A comparison of sediment flux in the channel and shoals of the estuarine turbidity maximum region of the Chesapeake Bay. VIMS Governor's School Marine Apprenticeship Program Symposium, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, 27 July.
Ellis, L., 2001. The relationship of sea bed conditions and suspended sediment concentrations in the Chesapeake Bay ETM region. VIMS Research Experience for Undergraduates Summer Intern Program Symposium, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 1 August.
Ellis, L., 2002. Seabed conditions in the estuarine turbidity maximum region of the Chesapeake Bay. Honors Thesis Defense Presentation, Geology Department, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 30 April.
Ellis, L., and C.T. Friedrichs, 2002. The relationship of seabed conditions and suspended
sediment in the water column of the Chesapeake Bay ETM region. AGU 2002 Ocean Sciences Meeting, Honolulu, 11-15 February.
Ellis, L., C. Friedrichs, and G. Battisto, 2001, The estuarine turbidity maximum in the northernChesapeake Bay. Undergraduate Science Research Symposium, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 26 September.
Friedrichs, C.T., 2001, VIMS year 1 BITMAX results. BITMAX Workshop, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Horn Point Laboratory, Cambridge, MD, 14-15 November.
Friedrichs, C.T., 2002, VIMS year 2 BITMAX results. BITMAX Workshop, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Horn Point Laboratory, Cambridge, MD, 13 November.
Friedrichs, C.T., 2004. Across-channel tidal velocity in straight, weakly stratified estuaries. Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas 12th International Biennial Conference, Merida, Mexico, 18-22 October.
Friedrichs, C.T., L.H. Brasseur, J.M. Brubaker, M.E. Scully, and S.E. Suttles, 2002, Use of acoustic backscatter to infer eddy diffusivity and bottom stress. Mid-Atlantic Bight Physical Oceanography and Meteorology Meeting, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 24-25 October.
Friedrichs, C.T., L.H. Brasseur, M.E. Scully, and S.E. Suttles, 2003. Use of backscatter from Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler to infer eddy diffusivity of suspended sediment and bottom stress. Coastal Sediments '03, Clearwater, FL, 18-23 May.
Friedrichs, C.T., L.E. LeMay, E.K. Hinchey, H.M. Romine, L.P. Sanford, E.W. North, 2003. Seabed conditions in the estuarine turbidity maximum region of the Chesapeake Bay. 7th International Conference on Nearshore and Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Transport Processes. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, 1-4 October.
Fugate, D.C., 2001. Comparison of suspended sediment dynamics in industrialized vs. undisturbed estuaries. Dissertation Defense Seminar, School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 17 December.
Fugate, D.C., and C.T Friedrichs, 2002. Controls on suspended aggregate size in partially mixed estuaries. Mid-Atlantic Bight Physical Oceanography and Meteorology Meeting, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 24-25 October.
Fugate, D.C., and C.T. Friedrichs, 2002, Particle aggregation dynamics in partially mixed estuaries. COFDL Seminar, Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 26 July.
Fugate, D.C., and C.T. Friedrichs, 2003. Versatility of the Sontek ADV: measurements of sediment fall velocity, sediment concentration and TKE production from wave contaminated velocity data. Coastal Sediments '03, Clearwater, FL, 18-23 May.
Fugate, D.C., and C.T. Friedrichs, 2004. Benthic controls on near bed suspended sediments. NSF Coastal Ocean Processes Program, Coastal Benthic Exchange Dynamics Workshop, St. Petersburg, FL, 5-7 April.
Fugate, D.C., C.T. Friedrichs, G.M. Battisto, and L.P. Sanford, 2003. The role of lateral shoals in sediment transport processes in the ETM region of the Chesapeake Bay. 17th Biennial Conference of the Estuarine Research Federation, Seattle, WA, 14-18 September.
Fugate, D.C., C.T. Friedrichs, and L.P. Sanford, 2003. Atypical bottom shear stress asymmetry in a parttially stratified estuary. Mid-Atlantic Bight Physical Oceanography and Meteorology Meeting, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA, 16-17 October.
Nobile, B., 2002, Comparing sediment transport patterns. New Horizons Governor's School Research Symposium, Hampton, VA, 3 May.
Richmond, L., 2003. Improving measurements of total suspended sediments. New Horizons Governor’s School Research Symposium, Hampton, VA, 30 April.
Romine, H.M., C.T. Friedrichs and S.A. Kuehl, 2003. Documenting the suspended and bottom sediment dynamics of a two estuarine turbidity maximum system using 7Be and 234Th. SC-SE Geological Society of America Joint Annual Meeting, Memphis, TN, 12-14 March.
Romine, H.M., S.A. Kuehl, and C.T. Friedrichs, 2003. Documenting the suspended and bottom sediment dynamics of a two estuarine turbidity maximum system using 7Be and 234Th. 7th International Conference on Nearshore and Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Transport Processes. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, 1-4 October.
Romine, H.M., S.A. Kuehl, and C.T. Friedrichs, 2003. Documenting the suspended and bottom sediment dynamics of a two estuarine turbidity maximum system using 7Be and 234Th. 17th Biennial Conference of the Estuarine Research Federation, Seattle, WA, 14-18 September.
Romine, H.M., S.A. Kuehl, and C.T. Friedrichs, 2004. Documenting the suspended and bottomsediment dynamics of a two estuarine turbidity maximum system using 7Be and 234Th. NSF Coastal Ocean Processes Program, Coastal Benthic Exchange Dynamics Workshop, St. Petersburg, FL, 5-7 April.
Sanford, L.P., P.J. Dickhudt, L. Rubaiano-Gomez, M. Yates, S.E. Suttles, C.T. Friedrichs, D.C. Fugate and H. Romine, 2003. Variability of suspended particle concentrations, sizes and settling velocities in the Chesapeake Bay turbidity maximum. Workshop on Flocculation in Natural and Engineered Systems, 4-5 September.
Sanford, L., and C. Friedrichs, 2001. Perspectives on the state of the art in fine sediment engineering: Field measuring techniques. Workshop on Fine Sediment Engineering Research Needs of the Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 24-25 July.
Sanford, L.P., and C.T. Friedrichs, 2003. Particle dynamics in estuaries: a review. 17th Biennial Conference of the Estuarine Research Federation, Seattle, WA, 14-18 September
Scully, M., C. Friedrichs and J. Brubaker, 2001, Comparison of estuarine turbulence measurements. 16th Biennial Conference of the Estuarine Research Federation, St. Pete Beach, Florida, 4-8 November.
Shay, M., 2002, Calibrating backscatter from an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler to measure estuarine suspended sediment concentration. New Horizons Governor's School Research Symposium, Hampton, VA, 3 May.
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